What Are the Male, Female, and Baby Thresher Sharks Called
| Thresher shark Temporal range: Lutetian to Recent | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus) | |
Scientific nomenclature  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Superorder: | Selachimorpha |
| Guild: | Lamniformes |
| Family unit: | Alopiidae Bonaparte, 1838 |
| Genus: | Alopias Rafinesque, 1810 |
| Type species | |
| Alopias vulpinus Bonnaterre, 1788 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Thresher sharks are large lamniform sharks of the family Alopiidae found in all temperate and tropical oceans of the world; the family contains 3 extant species, all within the genus Alopias .
All 3 thresher shark species accept been listed as vulnerable to extinction past the World Conservation Union since 2007 (IUCN).[two] All are popular sport fish.[ citation needed ] In add-on, they are hunted for their meat, livers (for shark liver oil), skin (for leather), and fins for use in shark-fin soup.
Thresher shark jumping in Costa rica
They do non announced to be a threat to humans.[ citation needed ]
Taxonomy [edit]
The genus and family name derive from the Greek word ἀλώπηξ , alṓpēx , meaning fox. As a result, the long-tailed or common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, is also known every bit the flim-flam shark.[three] The common proper noun is derived from a distinctive, thresher-like tail or caudal fin which tin exist as long as the body of the shark itself.
Species [edit]
The three extant thresher shark species are all in the genus Alopias. The possible being of a hitherto unrecognized fourth species was revealed during the course of a 1995 allozyme analysis by Blaise Eitner. This species is evidently establish in the eastern Pacific off Baja California, and has previously been misidentified as the bigeye thresher. So far, it is only known from musculus samples from one specimen, and no aspect of its morphology has been documented.[4]
- Alopias pelagicus H. Nakamura, 1935 (pelagic thresher)
- Alopias superciliosus R. T. Lowe, 1841 (bigeye thresher)
- Alopias vulpinus Bonnaterre, 1788 (common thresher)
- †Alopias acutidens Casier, 1958
- †Alopias alabamensis White, 1956
- †Alopias carolinensis White, 1956
- †Alopias crochardi Ward, 1978
- †Alopias denticulatus Cappetta, 1981
- †Alopias exigua Probst, 1879
- †Alopias hassei Noetling, 1885
- †Alopias hermani Kozlov, 1999
- †Alopias latidens Leriche, 1909
- †Alopias leeensis Ward, 1978
- †Alopias grandis Leriche, 1942 (giant thresher)
- †Alopias palatasi Kent & Ward, 2018 (serrated giant thresher)
- †Alopias subexigua Dartevelle & Casier, 1959
Phylogeny and evolution [edit]
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| Phylogeny of Alopiidae[four] [5] |
Based on cytochrome b genes, Martin and Naylor (1997) concluded the thresher sharks form a monophyletic sister grouping to the clade containing the families Cetorhinidae (basking shark) and Lamnidae (mackerel sharks). The megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) was placed as the next-closest relative to these taxa, though the phylogenetic position of that species has nonetheless to be resolved with confidence. Cladistic analyses by Compagno (1991) based on morphological characters, and Shimada (2005) based on dentition, take both corroborated this interpretation.[5] [6]
Inside the family unit, an analysis of allozyme variation past Eitner (1995) found the common thresher is the most basal fellow member, with a sister relationship to a grouping containing the unrecognized quaternary Alopias species and a clade comprising the bigeye and pelagic threshers. However, the position of the undescribed fourth species was only based on a unmarried synapomorphy (derived group-defining character) in ane specimen, so some incertitude in its placement remains.[4]
Distribution and habitat [edit]
Although occasionally sighted in shallow, inshore waters, thresher sharks are primarily pelagic; they prefer the open sea, characteristically preferring water 500 metres (1,600 ft) and less.[ citation needed ] Common threshers tend to be more prevalent in littoral waters over continental shelves. Common thresher sharks are found along the continental shelves of North America and Asia of the Northward Pacific, simply are rare in the Central and Western Pacific. In the warmer waters of the Central and Western Pacific, bigeye and pelagic thresher sharks are more common. A thresher shark was seen on the live video feed from one of the ROVs monitoring BP's Macondo oil well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. This is significantly deeper than the 500 thou (1,600 ft) previously thought to exist their limit. A bigeye has likewise been found in the western Mediterranean, and and then distribution may be wider than previously believed, or ecology factors may be forcing sharks to search for new territories.[7]
Beefcake and appearance [edit]
Named for their exceptionally long, thresher-like heterocercal tail or caudal fins (which tin can exist as long every bit the total body length), thresher sharks are active predators; the tail is used every bit a weapon to stun prey.[8] [9] The thresher shark has a short caput and a cone-shaped nose. The mouth is generally pocket-size, and the teeth range in size from minor to large.[10] By far the largest of the three species is the common thresher, Alopias vulpinus, which may reach a length of 6.1 metres (xx ft) and a mass of over 500 kilograms (1,100 lb). The bigeye thresher, A. superciliosus, is next in size, reaching a length of 4.9 m (xvi ft); at simply iii m (10 ft), the pelagic thresher, A. pelagicus, is the smallest.
Thresher sharks are fairly slender, with small dorsal fins and large, recurved pectoral fins. With the exception of the bigeye thresher, these sharks have relatively modest eyes positioned to the forrard of the head. Coloration ranges from brownish, bluish or purplish gray dorsally with lighter shades ventrally.[eleven] The three species can exist roughly distinguished by the chief color of the dorsal surface of the trunk. Common threshers are dark green, bigeye threshers are brown and pelagic threshers are generally blue. Lighting conditions and water clarity can bear upon how whatsoever one shark appears to an observer, but the color examination is generally supported when other features are examined.
Diet [edit]
The thresher shark mainly feeds on pelagic schooling fish such as bluefish, juvenile tuna, and mackerel, which they are known to follow into shallow waters, too as squid and cuttlefish.[12] Crustaceans and occasionally seabirds are too taken. The thresher shark stuns its prey by using its elongated tail as a weapon.
Behavior [edit]
| External video | |
|---|---|
 Stunning tail: Thresher sharks evolved to slap and impale their prey – NBC News |
Thresher sharks are alone creatures that continue to themselves. Information technology is known that thresher populations of the Indian Bounding main are separated past depth and space according to sexual activity. Some species however do occasionally chase in a group of two or three contrary to their alone nature. All species are noted for their highly migratory or oceanodromous habits. When hunting schooling fish, thresher sharks are known to "whip" the water.[11] The elongated tail is used to swat smaller fish, stunning them before feeding. Sometimes the thresher shark volition piece the fish in one-half before eating.[13] Thresher sharks are i of the few shark species known to jump fully out of the water, using their elongated tail to propel them out of the water, making turns like dolphins; this beliefs is called breaching.
Endothermy [edit]
2 species of the thresher have been identified equally having a modified circulatory system that acts as a counter-current heat exchanger, which allows them to retain metabolic heat. Mackerel sharks (family Lamnidae) accept a similar homologous construction to this which is more extensively developed. This structure is a strip of red musculus along each of its flanks, which has a tight network of blood vessels that transfer metabolic oestrus inward towards the core of the shark, assuasive it to maintain and regulate its trunk oestrus.
Reproduction [edit]
No singled-out breeding season is observed past thresher sharks. Fertilization and embryonic development occur internally; this ovoviviparous or live-begetting style of reproduction results in a small litter (normally two to four) of large well-developed pups, up to 150 cm (59 in) at nascence in thintail threshers. The young fish exhaust their yolk sacs while nonetheless within the mother, at which fourth dimension they begin feasting on the mother's unfertilized eggs; this is known as oophagy.
Thresher sharks are slow to mature; males reach sexual maturity between seven and 13 years of age and females between eight and 14 years in bigeye threshers. They may alive for xx years or more.
In October 2013, the first film of a thresher shark giving birth was taken off the declension of the Philippines.[14]
Fisheries [edit]
Thresher sharks are classified every bit prized game fish in the United States and Due south Africa.[ citation needed ] Common thresher sharks are the target of a popular recreational fishery off Baja, Mexico.
Status [edit]
Because of their low fecundity, thresher sharks are highly vulnerable to overfishing.[ citation needed ] All three thresher shark species have been listed as vulnerable to extinction past the Globe Conservation Union since 2007 (IUCN).[2]
See too [edit]
- Shark meat
References [edit]
- "Alopias". Integrated Taxonomic Information Organization. Retrieved iv May 2006.
- Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Alopias in FishBase. February 2011 version.
- ^ Bourdon, J. (April 2009). Fossil Genera: Alopias. The Life and Times of Long Expressionless Sharks. Retrieved on Oct half dozen, 2009.
- ^ a b "More than oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Reddish List" (Press release). IUCN. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2015-03-11 .
- ^ "trick shark - shark species". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ a b c Eitner, B. (1995). "Systematics of the Genus Alopias (Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with Evidence for the Beingness of an Unrecognized Species". Copeia. American Social club of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1995 (3): 562–571. doi:10.2307/1446753. JSTOR 1446753.
- ^ a b Sims, D.W., ed. (2008). Advances in Marine Biological science, Volume 54. Academic Press. p. 175. ISBN978-0-12-374351-0.
- ^ Shimada, Thou. (2005). "Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics". Paleontological Research. 9 (1): 55–72. doi:ten.2517/prpsj.9.55. S2CID 84715232.
- ^ "United nations barco pesquero de Port de la Selva captura un gran tiburón de 4,5 metros de longitud". 11 May 2014.
- ^ Tsikliras, Athanassios C.; Oliver, Simon P.; Turner, John R.; Gann, Klemens; Silvosa, Medel; D'Urban Jackson, Tim (2013). "Thresher Sharks Apply Tail-Slaps as a Hunting Strategy". PLOS ONE. eight (seven): e67380. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...867380O. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0067380. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC3707734. PMID 23874415.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "THRESHER SHARKS Impale PREY WITH TAIL". YouTube.
- ^ "Family Alopiidae: Thresher Sharks – 3 species". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
- ^ a b "Thresher Shark".
- ^ McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of United mexican states, Vol. ane: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 48 ff. ISBN978-0-292-75206-i. OCLC 38468784. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Oliver SP, Turner JR, Gann K, Silvosa Chiliad and D'Urban Jackson T (2013) "Thresher sharks use tail-slaps every bit a hunting strategy" PLoS 1, 8 (7): e67380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067380
- ^ "Rare shark birth photographed for the commencement time". www.msn.com . Retrieved 7 April 2018.
External links [edit]
- FishBase entry on Alopiidae
- Thresher shark video on Check123
rockwellefolotervis.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark
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